Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline Essay Example for Free

Chad-Cameroon Oil Pipeline Essay Although significant oil reserves have been found in the early 1970s, these could not be developed because: 1- Chad is a landlocked country with limited domestic demand; 2- civil war prevented the creation of a stable investment environment and caused the departure of several investors. Since peace was established in 1990, investors and the World Bank returned to Chad for developing its oil reserves. In order to justify the large investment, access to the world market was sought via a pipeline through Cameroon, which is also a relatively poor country that can benefit from the investment and transit revenues. The World Bank has been supporting natural resource extraction based development around the world and, in particular, in Africa as the primary driver for economic growth and poverty reduction in these countries. But, the Bank has also been heavily criticized for failing to achieve these goals as the revenues from resource development do not reach the majority of the society. With the Chad-Cameroon pipeline and oil development in Chad, the Bank and the companies are following a novel partnership and revenue management approach. How is the project financing different? How will this new approach work? Will Chad and Cameroon benefit from this approach? Background1 Upon getting its independence from France in 1960, Chad has been involved in 30 years of civil war. The peace was finally restored in 1990, and the country drifted towards multiparty democracy, until rebellion broke out again in the north of the country. In January 2002 peace treaty was signed confirming de jure reign of northern ethnicity. Chad is one of the least developed nations on earth with GNI per capita of around $200. Republic of Chad is ranked 165th of 175 countries in UN’s Survival Ranking. The agricultural sector accounts for 36% of Chad’s GDP. Cotton exports account for 50% of foreign currency earnings. Chad’s government is concerned about this dependence on cotton and wants to diversify its economy in order to mitigate vulnerability associated with volatility of the international price of cotton. Chad’s only significant natural resources are oil deposits. Being independent since 1960, Cameroon has developed a rather stable political system, based on ethnic oligopoly. Despite of vast natural resource base (including oil, natural gas and aluminum) the country is one of the poorest in the world, with GNI per capita of roughly $600 in 2002. According to World Bank classification Cameroon is an HIPC (heavily indebted poor country) with total debt of $4. 9 billion and outstanding short-term debt over $950 million. Cameroon is in Top-15 countries with highest HIV rate (around 12%) and in Top-30 infant mortality rate. Economic and social development information on this section comes from the World Bank web site, CIA Fact Book, and U. N. Human Development Report. Â © Center for Energy Economics. No reproduction, distribution or attribution without permission. Chad-Cameroon Pipeline 1 1 Case Study From Since 1990, being faced with a fall in GDP due to unfavorable prices on major exported goods; Cameroon has been engaged in several World Bank and IMF programs, aimed at poverty reduction and acceleration of economic growth. As a result annual GDP growth averaged 2. 1% through 1990-2001, compared to 3. 4% in 1980s. Oil Development Conoco became the first foreign oil company to undertake significant oil exploration in Chad with acquisition of the Chad Permit H concession in 1969. Between 1973 and 1975, oil was discovered in varying amounts in the Doba, Doseo, and Lake Chad basins, that led to the creation of a multinational consortium comprising Conoco (12. 5% and operator), Royal Dutch/Shell (37. 5%), Exxon (25%), and Chevron (25%). In 1981 all the exploration projects were stopped due to escalating civil war. In 1988 a convention was signed between the government of Chad and the consortium, granting exploration permit with term of validity until early 2004. Conoco withdrew from the project, and Exxon took over operations, discovering the Bolobo field in 1989 with estimated 135 million barrels of reserves. 3 Chevron, in its turn, sold its share (20% interest in the Block H hydrocarbon license containing the three fields) to Elf Aquitaine, in 1993.

Dentistry :: essays research papers

I began this paper with certain ideas regarding the carries process. It is a known fact that fluoride helps to prevent carious lesions. Not a whole lot of studies or information is out there on what I sought out to find. That would be the relationship between calcium phosphate and carious lesions. I am familiar with the remineralization process of enamel, and so I decided my topic would appropriately be that calcium phosphate can prevent carious lesions by helping to remineralize the enamel. It was difficult to find material to support this topic. While researching, I came across numerous products that contain calcium phosphate and claim to what I would like it to do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Carious lesions don’t just develop over night. It is a process and it takes a long time, any where from six months to two years. Dental caries is a dynamic process characterized by alternating periods of demineralization and remineralization (Harris and Garcia-Godoy 45). Enamel is composed of densely packed hydroxyapatite crystals. The hydroxyapatite crystals are made up of tricalcium phosphate. During demineralization this is what is lost. Once enough of this mineral is lost, part of the tooth structure will collapse forming a cavity. Remineralization is when those ions lost are redeposited in a demineralized area. It all starts small. We have that wonderful acquired pellicle which is like fly paper for bacteria. When the bacteria accumulates a plaque is now present. The bacterial plaque will produce acids, which can eventually cause the enamel structure to collapse (Winston 1580).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since calcium and phosphate are what is lost during demineralization, for the remineralization to occur we must replace these minerals. Saliva naturally contains calcium and phosphate (Winston 1580). Each person can have a different salivary concentration of these minerals. It was found that men have a higher concentration of salivary calcium than women (Sewon 917). There are any number of factors that play hand in hand with a high level of salivary calcium. High calcium content of the saliva gives us a high rate of remineralization after initial demineralization. It was noted that the number of decayed, missing, or filled teeth was lower in patients with high salivary calcium (males). Some drawbacks to having this much mineral content in the saliva are more bleeding on probing. This is due to an increase in plaque. It was also found that this calcium rich plaque hardens very rapidly.

Food and Beverage Control System

LABORATORY MANUAL Food and Beverage Control System Laboratory Activity No. ___ MAKING A SALES FORECAST Objectives: * To be able to know the future sales of the restaurant * | Materials to be used: Paper Pen Calculator Procedures: 1. Read and analyze the stated assumptions. 2. Supply the data needed for the percentage increase for the forecast 2013. 3. To get the forecasted actual covers, multiply the total covers for each month of 2012 to the assumed percentage increase. 4.To get the forecasted average check, multiply the average check for each month of 2012 to the assumed percentage increase. 5. Then, get the sales forecast for 2013 by multiplying the forecasted total covers to the forecasted average check. Instructions: Make a 2013 sales forecast for KSP Bar and Grill using the following data and assumptions. KSP Bar and Grill, a food outlet with 200 seating capacity, generated the following revenue in the year 2012. Make a sales forecast for year 2013, working on the following ass umptions: 1.There is an expected fifty percent (50%) increase of patronage in the month of February because the food outlet will come out with special promotions on Valentine’s Day (February 14) and Chinese Year (also in the month of February). For November 2013, the projected increase in covers is 40% and 50% by the month of December. 2. With better products, intensive promotions and improved services, 20% increase in covers for 2013 is expected. 3. Because of the upgraded menus, prices will increase by 18% for 2013. | SALES 2012|Months| Total Covers| Average Check| Total F&B Revenue| January| 13,020| P 247. 25| P 3,219,195| February| 19,500| P 253| P 4,933,500| March| 17,250| P 250. 70| P 4,324,575| April| 12,840| P 258. 75| P 3,322,350| May| 12,000| P 255. 30| P 3,063,600| June| 9,600| P 224. 25| P 2,152,800| July| 9,000| P 227. 70| P 2,049,300| August| 7,200| P 224. 25| P 1,614,600| September| 12,960| P 232. 30| P 3,010,608| October| 13,440| P 242. 20| P 3,523,968| Novemb er| 14,640| P 270. 25| P 3,956,460| December| 20,250| P 276| P 5,589,000| | | | P 40,759,956| SALES 2013| Covers| Average Check| Sales in Pesos| Month| % increase| Quantity| % increase| Amount in pesos| | January| | | | | | February| | | | | | March| | | | | | April| | | | | | May| | | | | | June| | | | | | July| | | | | | August| | | | | | September| | | | | | October| | | | | | November| | | | | | December| | | | | | | | | | | | Laboratory Activity No. _______ PREPARING A BUDGET WORKSHEET Objectives:| Materials to be used: Pen Paper Calculator Procedures: 1. Read and analyze the problem. 2. Supply the data needed on revenue for the sales distribution. 3.Divide the revenue of food sales and beverage sales by the total sales to get the ratio of sales over gross sales. 4. Supply the data needed on cost ratio to sales on budget distribution. 5. Multiply the revenue of food sales and beverage sales by the cost ratio to sales to get the budget needed. 6. Supply the data needed on cost r atio to sales on budget allocation from the given data. 7. Multiply the total sales by the cost ratio to sales to get the budget needed for the breakdown of budget allocation. Prepare a budget worksheet for KSP Coffee Shop for the month of August.Assume a sales forecast of P2,890,000 with P890,000 beverage sales and P2,000,000 food sales. Use 38% cost ratio to sales for food cost and 20% cost ratio to sales for beverage cost. Use the following budget allocation: Food/Beverage cost (Cost of Sales) ——————————— 35% Labor cost and employee benefits ———————————– 20% Direct operating expenses ——————————————– 4 % Utilities —————————————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ 5% Rental/Amortization ————————————————— % Advertising ————————————————————- 1 % Repairs and Maintenance ——————————————– 1% Taxes ——————————————————————— 1% Insurance —————————————————————- 2% Depreciation cost —————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ 2% Administrative/General expenses ———————————— 3 % Profit ——————————————————————— 18% Total ——————————————————-100%BUDGET WORKSHEET SALES DISTRIBUTION| Source| Revenue| Ratio of Sales Over Gross Sales| Food Sales| | | Beverage Sales| | | Total Sales| | | BUDGET DISTRIBUTION| Budget Items| Budget in Pesos| (Cost Ratio to Sales)| A. Food Cost| | | B. Beverage Cost| | | BREAKDOWN OF BUDGET ALLOCATION| 1. Cost of sales (combined food and beverage)| | | 2. Labor cost and employee benefits| | | 3. Direct Operating Expenses ( supplies, materials, etc. )| | | 4. Rental| | | 5. Administrative expenses| | | 6. Amortization for loan| | | 7. Utilities| | | . Repairs and Maintenance| | | 9. Insurance| | | 10. Depreciation| | | 11. Others – ads, etc| | | Total Budget for Expenses| | | Profit| | | Total| | | Laboratory Activity No. ________ RECIPE COSTING AND PRICE DETERMINATION Objectives:| Materials to be used: Pen Paper Calculator Procedures: The recipe indicates the following ingredients for the preparation of the dish RIB ROAST ROYALEYield: 4 portions Ingredients: 450 grams trimmed US prime rib2 pieces baked potatoes 200 grams fresh butter (1 block)2 pieces dinner rolls 0 grams chives2 portions butter 15 grams tarragon leaves2 portions bottled 40 grams parsley40 grams salt Price list: US prime ribP460. 00 Magnolia fresh butter (1 block)P 24. 00 Refined salt (kilo)P 30. 00 Buttered vegetables (portion)P 4. 00 Chives(kilo)P 30. 00 Portion butter (piece)P 5. 90 Tarragon leaves (bottle of 10 grams)P 25. 00 Parsley (kilo)P 85. 00 Recipe cost: Baked potatoesP 5. 00 Rolls (piece)P 2. 00 Total cost and selling price after getting saleable weight | | Standard Yield| Adjusted Yield| Items| Unit/Size (UOM)| Portion/Size| Unit Cost| Cost| Portion/Size| Cost| US prime rib| | | | | | | fresh butter| | | | | | | chives| | | | | | | tarragon leaves| | | | | | | parsley| | | | | | | baked potatoes| | | | | | | dinner rolls| | | | | | | butter| | | | | | | Buttered vegetables| | | | | | | salt| | | | | | | Total| | | | | | | Buffer margin (10%)| | | | | | | Cost/serving| | | | | | | Selling price| | | | | | | Food Cost %| | | | | | |

Essay on Wgu Nut1 Task 1 - 4120 Words

NUT 1 Task 1 Western Governors University Outline Multimedia Presentation What is an EMR? Importance of Information Access Personal Health Information (PHI) Security Quality Improvement Roles of Implementation Team Discussion Conclusion References What is an EMR? EMR stands for Electronic Medical Records. It is â€Å"a paperless, digital and computerized system of maintaining patient data, designed to increase the efficiency and reduce documentation errors by streamlining the process.† (Santiago, n.d., para. 1) Santiago, A. (n.d.). EMR - what is EMR? Retrieved from http://healthcareers.about.com/od/h/g/EMR.htm Importance of Information Access How will the EMR system benefit nurses in their work with patients? ïÆ' ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Steele, A. M., DeBrow, M. (2008). Efficiency gains with computerized provider order entry. In: Henriksen K, Battles JB, Keyes MA, Grady ML (eds) Advances in patient safety: new directions and alternative approaches AHRQ publication no 08–0034-4, vol 4. Technology and Medication Safety Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/qual/advances2/ More time at the bedside Time WASTED ïÆ'   Looking for patient information, duplicate charting, checking on orders, trying to get old records, calling lab to see if a specimen was received, consulting with other nurses to figure out a handwritten order, calling physicians, searching for a drug book, figuring out a care plan, checking on orders (again). Time SAVED ïÆ'   EMRs Personal Health Information (PHI) PHI contained in EMRs is more susceptible to breaches in security than paper data. WHY? ïÆ' ¼Most healthcare personnel can access at least some PHI ïÆ' ¼PHI is stored across a system, making it available at many locations, including portable devices ïÆ' ¼PHI is stored by third party vendors ïÆ' ¼Electronic security is weak or not up to date ïÆ' ¼PHI is available to insurance companies ïÆ' ¼Computer hackers can gain access ïÆ' ¼Physical theft of information Durben Hirsch, M. (2012). EHRs a major cause of patient info breaches. Retrieved from